\input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-
@documentencoding ISO-8859-2
@c @documentlanguage pl

@c %**start of header
@setfilename utt.info
@settitle UAM Text Tools v0.90
@c %**end of header

@copying
This manual is for UAM Text Tools (version 0.90, November, 2007)

Copyright @copyright{}  2005, 2007  Tomasz Obrębski, Michał Stolarski, Justyna Walkowska, Paweł Konieczka.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License,,GNU Free Documentation License.

@c @quotation
@c Permission is granted to ...
@c No permission is granted until the document is completed.
@c @end quotation
@end copying


@titlepage
@title UAM Text Tools 0.90 - User Manual
@subtitle edition 0.01, @today
@subtitle status: prescript
@author by Justyna Walkowska, Tomasz Obr@,{}ebski and Micha@l{} Stolarski
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage

@contents

@c @paragraphindent none

@iftex
@parskip = 0.5@normalbaselineskip plus 3pt minus 1pt
@end iftex

@c @headings off
@c @everyheading LEM(1) @| @| LEM(1)
@everyfooting @today @c @| @thispage @|

@ifnottex

@node Top
@top UTT - UAM Text Tools

@insertcopying

@menu
* General information::                       
* UTT file format::             
* Configuration files::         
* UTT components::
* Auxiliary tools::
* Usage examples::              
* PMDBF dictionary::            
@c * Examples::                    
@c * Copyright::
* GNU Free Documentation License:: 
* Reporting bugs::                                    
* Author::                      
@end menu
@end ifnottex


@c ----------------------------------------------------------------------

@node General information
@chapter General information

UAM Text Tools (UTT) is a package of language processing tools
developed at Adam Mickiewicz University. Its functionality includes:

@itemize @bullet

@item
tokenization
@item
dictionary-based morphological analysis
@item
heuristic morphological analysis of unknown words
@item
spelling correction
@item
pattern search
@item
sentence splitting
@item
generation of concordance tables
@end itemize

The toolkit is destined for processing of raw (not annotated)
unrestricted text for any conceivable purpose.

The system is organized as a collection of command-line programs, each
performing one operation, e.g. tokenization, lemmatization, spelling
correction. The components are independent one from another, the
unifying element being the uniform i/o file format.

The components may be combined in various ways to provide various text
processing services. Also new components supplied by the used may be
easily incorporated into the system provided that they respect the i/o
file format conventions.

UTT component programs does not depend on any specific tagset or
morphological description format. 

UTT is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

The Polex/PMDBF dictionary is licensed under the Creative Commons by-nc-sa License which prohibits commercial use.  


List of contributors:

@itemize
@item Pawel Konieczka
@item Tomasz Obrebski
@item Michal Stolarski
@item Marcin Walas
@item Justyna Walkowska
@end itemize

@c ----------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node    UTT file format
@chapter UTT file format

A UTT file contains annotation of a text. It consists of a sequence of
segments. Each segment explicitly refers to a continuous piece of the
text and provides some information on it.

@section Segment format

A segment occupies one line of a UTT file and consists of
space-separated fields:


@quotation
@sp 1
[@var{start} [@var{length}]] @var{type} @var{form} [@var{annotation1} [@var{annotation2} ...]]
@sp 1
@end quotation

@table @var

@item @var{start} 
Non-negative integer value indicating the position in the source text where the
segment starts.

@item @var{length}
Non-negative integer value indicating the length of the segment.

@item @var{type}
A sequence of non-ASCII characters (without spaces or letters, which could lead to @var{type} being misinterpreted as a @var{start} or @var{length} field). 
@var{type} reflects the main classification of segments -
into words, numbers, punctuation marks, meta-text markers. 
@xref{tok output,,tok output}, for description of automatically recognized type markers.

@item @var{form}
This field contains the textual form of the segment or the special
symbol @code{*} indicating that the form is not given (e.g. when the segment has been created artificially to mark something and is of lentgh 0).

The characters or character sequences that have special meaning in the
@var{form} field are enumerated below.

Characters with special meaning:

@itemize
@item @code{_} - space character
@item @code{*} - undefined contents
@end itemize

Escape sequences:

@itemize
@item @code{\n} - new line
@item @code{\t} - tabulation
@item @code{\r} - carriage return  

@item @code{\_} - the @code{_} character
@item @code{\*} - the @code{*} character
@item @code{\\} - the @code{\} character

@c @item @code{\hh} - a character with hexadecimal code @code{hh} (used for non-printable characters)
@end itemize

@item @var{annotation1}
@item @var{annotation2}
@item ...
Annotation fields have the following format:

@var{longname} @code{:} @var{value}

or

@var{shortname} @var{value}

where @var{longname} is a string of alphanumeric characters
(isalnum() test), @var{shortname} - a single non-alphanumeric character
(ispunct() test), and @var{value} is an arbitrary string of non-blank characters.

@end table


Only two fields are mandatory: @var{type} and @var{form}. All other fields
may be absent. In the case when only one number precedes the
@var{type} field, it is interpreted as the @var{START} position.

If the @var{length} field is ommited, the length of the segment is the
length of the @var{form} field, except when the value of the
@var{form} field is @code{*} -- in this case, the length is assumed to
be 0.

If the @var{start} field is also absent, the segment is assumed to directly
follow the preceding one.

@c Conventions:

@c Annotation fields with predefined meaning:

@c @itemize
@c @item @code{!} - UTT components are allowed to modify the contents of
@c the @var{form} field (e.g. spelling correction does this). If this happens the
@c original form of the segment have to be placed in the @code{!}-field.
@c @item @code{@@} - morphological description
@c @item @code{=} - node identifier assignment (used in graph encoding)
@c @item @code{<} - preceding/dominating node(s) (used in graph encoding)
@c @item @code{>} - succeeding/subordinate node(s) (used in graph encoding)
@c @end itemize

Segments of length 0 may be used to mark file positions with some
information. See e.g. BOS and EOS (beginning/end of sentence) markers
in the example below.

Example:

sentence: @samp{Piszemy dobre progrumy.}

@example
0000 00 BOS *
0000 07 W Piszemy lem:pisać,V
0007 01 S _
0008 05 W dobre lem:dobry,ADJ
0013 01 S _
0014 08 W progrumy cor:programy lem:program,N
0022 01 P .
0023 00 EOS *
0023 01 S _
0024 00 BOS *
0024 11 W Warszawiacy lem:Warszawiak,N
0035 01 S _
0036 03 W też
0039 01 P .
0040 00 EOS *

@end example

@example
0000 BOS *
0000 W Piszemy lem:pisać,V
0007 S _
0008 W dobre lem:dobry,ADJ
0013 S _
0014 W progrumy cor:programy lem:program,N
0022 P .
0023 EOS *
@end example

Posion information may be provided only for some types of segments:

@example
0000 BOS *
W Piszemy lem:pisać,V
S _
W dobre lem:dobry,ADJ
S _
W progrumy cor:programy lem:program,N
P .
EOS *
S _
0024 BOS *
W Warszawiacy lem:Warszawiak,N
S _
W też
P .
EOS *
@end example

Position/length information may be provided only when necessary:

@example
0000 04 N *
0000 N 12
P .
N 5
S _
W km
@end example

@section UTT File

A UTT file consists of a sequence of segments.  The same text position
may be covered by multiple segments. In cosequence, ambiguous text
segmentation and ambiguous annotation may be represented.

There are two structural requirements a valid UTT-formatted file
has to meet:

@itemize @bullet

@item
segments have to be sorted with respect to the @var{position} field,

@item
for each
segment ending at position @var{n}, either there must be a segment starting at
position @var{n+1}, or position @var{n+1} is not covered by any segment; similarly
for each segment starting at position @var{n}, either there must be a segment
ending at position @var{n-1}, or the position @var{n-1} must not be covered
by any segment.

@end itemize

A valid annotation for the text fragment
@example
12.5 km
@end example

may be 

@example
0000 02 N 12
0000 04 N 12.5
0002 01 P .
0003 01 N 5
0004 01 S _
0005 02 W km
@end example

but not

@example
0000 02 N 12
0000 04 N 12.5
0004 01 S _
0005 02 W km
@end example

because in the latter example the first segment (starting at position 0000, 2 characters long) ends at position @var{n}=0001 which is covered by the second segment and no segment starts at position @var{n+2}=0002.

@section Character encoding

The UTT component programs accept only 1-byte character encoding, such
as ISO, ANSI, DOS, UTF-8 (probably: not tested yet).


@c @section Formats

@c @unnumberedsubsubsec Basic format

@c While processing large amounts of the overhead related with explicit
@c ... of the start position and segment length becomes ... . Therefore,
@c for efficiency reasons certain shortcuts are possible:

@c @unnumberedsubsubsec Relative start position

@c Start position may be given as relative distance from the last
@c absolut position. 

@c @unnumberedsubsubsec Absent length

@c Segment length may by omitted. Normally it can be restored by counting
@c the length of the @emph{form field}. For segments with the special value
@c @code{*} in the @emph{form field} length 0 is assumed.

@c @unnumberedsubsubsec Absent length and start position

@c Both start position and segment length may be omitted. In this format
@c each segment is assumed to follow the previous one. This format is,
@c therefore, suitable only for unambiguously tagged text
@c (0-length markers can be still used.)


@c @table @code
@c @item AL
@c @code{1234 03 W kot}
@c @item RL
@c @code{+56 03 W kot}
@c @item A
@c @code{1234 W kot}
@c @item R
@c @code{+56 W kot}
@c @item 0
@c @code{W kot}
@c @end table


@c [JAK UZYSKAĆ POLSKIE CZCIONKI W DVI???]

@macro parhelp
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}help}, @b{@minus{}h}
Print help.
@end macro


@macro parversion
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}version}, @b{@minus{}V}
Print version information.
@end macro

@macro parinteractive
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}interactive, @minus{}i}
This option toggles interactive mode, which is by default off. In the
interactive mode the program does not buffer the output.
@end macro


@c @macro parfile
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}file=@var{filename}, @minus{}f @var{filename}}
@c Input file name.
@c If this option is absent or equal to '@minus{}', the program
@c reads from the standard input.
@c @end macro


@c @macro paroutput
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}output=@var{filename}, @minus{}o @var{filename}}
@c Regular output file name. To regular output the program sends segments
@c which it successfully processed and copies those which were not
@c subject to processing. If this option is absent or equal to
@c '@minus{}', standard output is used.
@c @end macro

@c @macro parfail
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}fail=@var{filename}, @minus{}e @var{filename}}
@c Fail output file name. To fail output the program copies the segments
@c it failed to process.  If this option is absent or equal to
@c '@minus{}', standard output is used.
@c @end macro


@c @macro parcopy
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}copy, @minus{}c}
@c Copy succesfully processed segments to regular output also in their
@c original input form.
@c @end macro


@macro parinputfield
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}input-field=@var{fieldname}, @minus{}I @var{fieldname}}
The field containing the input to the program. The default is the
@var{form} field. The fields @var{position}, @var{length}, @var{type},
and @var{form} are referred to as @code{1}, @code{2}, @code{3},
@code{4}, respectively.
@end macro


@macro paroutputfield
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}output-field=@var{fieldname}, @minus{}O @var{fieldname}}
The name of the field added by the program. The default is the name of the program.
@end macro


@macro pardictionary
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}dictionary=@var{filename}, @minus{}d @var{filename}}
Dictionary file name.
@end macro


@macro parprocess
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}process=@var{type}, @minus{}p @var{type}}
Process segments with the specified value in the @var{type} field.
Multiple occurences of this option are allowed and are interpreted as
disjunction. If this option is absent, all segments are processed.
@end macro


@macro parselect
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}select=@var{fieldname}, @minus{}s @var{fieldname}}
Select for processing only segments in which the field named
@var{fieldname} is present. Multiple occurences of this option are
allowed and are interpreted as conjunction of conditions. If this
option is absent, all segments are processed.
@end macro


@macro parunselect
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}unselect=@var{fieldname}, @minus{}S @var{fieldname}}
Select for processing only segments in which the field @var{fieldname}
is absent.  Multiple occurences of this option are allowed and are
interpreted as conjunction of conditions. If this option is absent,
all segments are processed.
@end macro


@macro paroneline
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}one-line}
This option makes the program print ambiguous annotation in one output
line by generating multiple annotation fields. By default when
ambiguous annotation may be produced for a segment, the segment is
multiplicated and each of the annotations is added to separate copy of
the segment.
@end macro


@macro paronefield
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}one-field, @minus{}1}
This option makes the program print ambiguous annotation in one
annotation field. By default when ambiguous annotation may be produced
for a segment, the segment is multiplicated and each of the
annotations is added to separate copy of the segment.

This option is useful when working with @command{kot} or @command{con}.
@end macro


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@c @node Common command line options
@c @chapter Common command line options

@c @table @code

@c @parhelp

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}help}, @b{@minus{}h}
@c Print help.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}version}, @b{@minus{}v}
@c Print version information.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}file=@var{filename}, @minus{}f @var{filename}}
@c Input file name.
@c If this option is absent or equal to '@minus{}', the program
@c reads from the standard input.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}output=@var{filename}, @minus{}o @var{filename}}
@c Regular output file name. To regular output the program sends segments
@c which it successfully processed and copies those which were not
@c subject to processing. If this option is absent or equal to
@c '@minus{}', standard output is used.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}fail=@var{filename}, @minus{}e @var{filename}}
@c Fail output file name. To fail output the program copies the segments
@c it failed to process.  If this option is absent or equal to
@c '@minus{}', standard output is used.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}only-fail}
@c Discard segments which would normally be sent to regular
@c output. Print only segments the program failed to process.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}no-fail}
@c Discard segments the program failed to process.
@c (This and the previous option are functionally equivalent to,
@c respectively, @option{-o /dev/null} and @option{-e /dev/null}, but
@c make the programs run faster.)

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}input-field=@var{fieldname}, @minus{}I @var{fieldname}}
@c The field containing the input to the program. The default is usually
@c the @var{form} field (unless otherwise stated in the program
@c description). The fields @var{position}, @var{length}, @var{tag}, and
@c @var{form} are referred to as @code{1}, @code{2}, @code{3}, @code{4},
@c respectively.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}output-field=@var{fieldname}, @minus{}O @var{fieldname}}
@c The name of the field added by the program. The default is the name of
@c the program.

@c @c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}copy, @minus{}c}
@c @c Copy processed segments to regular output.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}dictionary=@var{filename}, @minus{}d @var{filename}}
@c Dictionary file name.
@c (This option is used by programs which use dictionary data.)

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}process=@var{tag}, @minus{}p @var{tag}}
@c Process segments with the specified value in the @var{tag} field.
@c Multiple occurences of this option are allowed and are interpreted as
@c disjunction. If this option is absent, all segments are processed.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}select=@var{fieldname}, @minus{}s @var{fieldname}}
@c Select for processing only segments in which the field named
@c @var{fieldname} is present. Multiple occurences of this option are
@c allowed and are interpreted as conjunction of conditions. If this
@c option is absent, all segments are processed.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}unselect=@var{fieldname}, @minus{}S @var{fieldname}}
@c Select for processing only segments in which the field @var{fieldname}
@c is absent.  Multiple occurences of this option are allowed and are
@c interpreted as conjunction of conditions. If this option is absent,
@c all segments are processed.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}interactive @minus{}i}
@c This option toggles interactive mode, which is by default off. In the
@c interactive mode the program does not buffer the output.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}config=@var{filename}}
@c Read configuration from file @file{@var{filename}}.

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}one @minus{}1}
@c This option makes the program print ambiguous annotation in one output
@c segment. By default when
@c ambiguous new annotation is being produced for a segment, the segment
@c is multiplicated and each of the annotations is added to separate copy
@c of the segment.

@c @end table

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c CONFIGURATION FILES
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node    Configuration files
@chapter Configuration files

Values for all command line options accepted by a component
may be set in configuration files. The default location of the
configuration files for a component named @command{@var{program}} are

@example
	@file{/etc/utt/conf/@var{program}.conf}
@end example

for system-wide configuration file and

@example
	@file{~/.utt/conf/@var{program}.conf}
@end example

for user configuration file.

@c The configuration file to load may be also specified with the
@c @option{--config} option. Configuration file need not be provided.

For each option, the value is set according to the following priority:

@itemize
@item command line
@c @item configuration file indicated with @option{--config} option
@item user configuration file (or configuration file indicated with the @option{--config} option)
@item system-wide configuration file
@end itemize

Parameter values are specified in the following format:

@var{parametername}=@var{value}

where @var{parametername} is the short or long name of an option accepted by
the program, or

@var{parametername}

if the option does not need arguments.

You can introduce comments to configuration files using the # sign.

If a program accepts multiple occurences of an option (e.g. @var{lem}'s select option) you can specify them in two distinct lines of the program's configuration file.

@c The equal sign may be omitted.


@quotation Tip
If you have two (or more) frequently used sets of options for the same
program (eg. lem with PMDBF dictionary and lem with a user dictionary)
a good solution is to create two soft links to lem, called
eg. lemg and lemu and specify their configuration in files lemg.conf
and lemu.conf respectively.
@end quotation

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c COMPONENTS
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node UTT components
@chapter UTT components

UTT components are of three types:

@menu
Sources: programs which read non-UTT data (e.g. raw text) and produce output
in UTT format
* tok::         a tokenizer

Filters: programs which read and produce UTT-formatted data
@c * sen - the sentencizer::
* lem::         a morphological analyzer
* gue::         a morphological guesser
* cor::         a spelling corrector
* sen::         a sentensizer
@c * gph - the graphizer::
* ser::         a pattern search tool (marks matches)
* grp::         a pattern search tool (selects sentences containing a match)

Sinks: programs which read UTT data and produce output in another format
* kot::         an untokenizer
* con::         a concordance table generator
@end menu

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c TOK
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@page
@node tok
@section tok - a tokenizer

@c ----------------------------------------

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Tomasz Obrębski
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab source
@end multitable


@menu
* tok description::
* tok input::
* tok output::
* tok command line options::
* tok example::
@end menu

@node tok description
@subsection Description

@code{tok} is a simple program which reads a text file and identifies
tokens on the basis of their orthographic form.  The type of the token
is printed as the @var{type} field.

@node tok input
@subsection Input

Raw text.

@node tok output
@subsection Output

UTT-file with four fields: @var{start}, @var{length}, @var{type}, and @var{form}. In the @var{type} field five types of tokens are distinguished: 

@itemize

@item @code{W}
(word)
- continuous sequence of letters

@item @code{N}
(number)
- continuous sequence of digits

@item @code{S}
(space)
- continuous sequence of space characters

@item @code{P}
(punctuation mark)
- single printable characters not belonging to any of the other classes

@item @code{B}
(unprintable character)
- single unprintable character

@end itemize



@node tok command line options
@subsection Command line options

@table @code

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}help}, @b{@minus{}h}
Print help.

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}version}, @b{@minus{}V}
Print version information.

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}interactive, @minus{}i}
This option toggles interactive mode, which is by default off. In the
interactive mode the program does not buffer the output.

@end table

@node tok example
@subsection Example

Input:

@example
Piszemy dobre programy.
@end example

Output:

@example
0000 07 W Piszemy
0007 01 S _
0008 05 W dobre
0013 01 S _
0014 08 W programy
0022 01 P .
0023 01 S \n
@end example


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c SEN
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@c @node sen - sentencizer
@c @chapter sen - sentencizer

@c Authors: Tomasz Obrębski

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c LEM
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@page
@node lem
@section lem - morphological analyzer

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Tomasz Obrębski, Michał Stolarski
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab filter
@end multitable

@menu
* lem description::             
* lem command line options::    
* lem input::
* lem output::
* lem example::                 
* lem dictionaries::            
* lem hints::            
@end menu

@node lem description
@subsection Description

@command{lem} performs morphological analysis of a simple orthographic
word, returning all its possible morphological annotations,
disregarding the context.

@c ----------------------------------------

@node lem command line options
@subsection Command line options

@table @code
@parhelp
@parversion
@parinteractive
@c @parfile
@c @paroutput
@c @parfail
@c @parcopy
@parinputfield
@paroutputfield
@pardictionary
@parprocess
@parselect
@parunselect
@paroneline
@paronefield
@end table

@c ----------------------------------------

@node lem input
@subsection Input

Lem reads a UTT file and processes the value of the @var{form} field
(the input field may be changed with @option{--input-field} option).

@node lem output
@subsection Output

@command{lem} adds a new annotation field, whose default name is @code{lem}.  In
case of ambiguity either the segment is multiplicated (default),
multiple @code{lem} fields are added (@option{--one-line}) or ambiguous
annotation is produced as the value of single @code{lem} field (option
@option{--one-field,-1}):

@itemize @bullet

@item
unambiguous value format:

@example
   <lemma>,<descr>
@end example

@item
ambiguous value format (@option{--one-field} option)


@example
   <lemma>,<descr>[,<descr>][;<lemma>,<descr>[,<descr>]]
@end example

(alternative descriptions for the same lemma are separated by commas,
alternative lemmata are separated by semicolons.)

@end itemize

@node lem example
@subsection Example

Input: 

@example
0000 07 W Piszemy
0007 01 S _
0008 05 W dobre
0013 01 S _
0014 08 W programy
0022 01 P .
0023 01 B \n
@end example

Output (default):

@example
0000 07 W Piszemy lem:pisać,V/AiVpMdTrfNpP1
0007 01 B _
0008 05 W dobre lem:dobry,ADJ/DpNpCnavGaifn
0008 05 W dobre lem:dobry,ADJ/DpNsCnavGn
0013 01 B _
0014 08 W programy lem:program,N/GiNpCa
0014 08 W programy lem:program,N/GiNpCn
0014 08 W programy lem:program,N/GiNpCv
0022 01 P .
0023 01 B \n
@end example

Output (@option{--one-line} option):

@example
0000 07 W Piszemy lem:pisać,V/AiVpMdTrfNpP1
0007 01 S _
0008 05 W dobre lem:dobry,ADJ/DpNpCnavGaifn lem:dobry,ADJ/DpNsCnavGn
0013 01 S _
0014 08 W programy lem:program,N/GiNpCa lem:program,N/GiNpCn lem:program,N/GiNpCv
0022 01 P .
0023 01 S \n
@end example

Output (@option{--one-field} option):

@example
0000 07 W Piszemy lem:pisać,V/AiVpMdTrfNpP1
0007 01 S _
0008 05 W dobre lem:dobry,ADJ/DpNpCnavGaifn,ADJ/DpNsCnavGn
0013 01 S _
0014 08 W programy lem:program,N/GiNpCa,N/GiNpCn,N/GiNpCv
0022 01 P .
0023 01 S \n
@end example

@c ----------------------------------------

@node lem dictionaries
@subsection Dictionaries

@command{lem} requires a dictionary. The dictionary may be provided in
one of two formats: in text (source) format or in binary (fsa) format.

@subsubheading Text format

Dictionary entries have the following structure:

@example
<form>;<lemma>,<descr>[;<lemma>,<descr>]
@end example

@var{lemma} may be given explicitly or in the cut-add format:

@example
@code{[<cut1><add1>-]<cut2><add2>}
@end example

meaning: replace prefix of length @code{<cut1>} with
string @code{<add1>}, replace suffix of length @code{<cut2>} with string
@code{<add2>}. For example @code{3t} transforms @samp{kocie} into
@samp{kot}, @code{3-4ały} transforms @samp{najbielsi} into @samp{biały}

Each dictionary entry must be written in one line and must not contain blank characters.

Examples:
@example
kot;0,N/GaNsCn
kota;1,N/GaNsCg;1,N/GaNsCa
kotu;1,N/GaNsCd
kotem;2,N/GaNsCi
kocie;3t,N/GaNsCl;3t,N/GaNsCv
najbielsi;3-4ały,ADJ/DsNpCnGp
najbielsze;3-5ały,ADJ/DsNpCnGaifn
najlepsi;dobry,ADJ/DsNpCnGp
najlepsze;dobry,ADJ/DsNpCnGaifn
@end example


The mandatory file name extension for a text dictionary is @code{dic}. For large
dictionaries it is preferable, however, to compile them into binary
(fsa) format.

@subsubheading Binary format

The mandatory file name extension for a binary dictionary is @code{bin}. To
compile a text dictionary into binary format, write:

@example
compiledic <dictionaryname>.dic
@end example

@subsubheading Polex/PMDBF dictionary

A large-coverage morphological dictionary for Polish language, Polex/PMDBF, is included in
the distribution as the default @emph{lem}'s dictionary. It's 
located by default in:

@file{$HOME/.utt/pl/lem.bin}

@node lem hints
@subsection Hints

@c @subsubheading Combining data from multiple dictionaries

@c @itemize

@c @item Apply <dict1>, then apply <dict2> to words which were not annotatated.

@c @example
@c lem -d <dict1> | lem -S lem -d <dict2>
@c @end example

@c @item Add annotations from two dictionaries <dict1> and <dict2>.

@c @example
@c lem -c -d <dict1> | lem -S lem -d <dict2>
@c @end example

@c @end itemize


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c GUE
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@page
@node gue
@section gue - morphological guesser

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}

@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Michał Stolarski, Tomasz Obrębski
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab filter

@end multitable

@command{gue} guesess morphological descriptions of the form contained
in the @var{form} field.

@menu
* gue command line options::    
* gue example::                 
* gue dictionaries::            
@end menu

@node gue command line options
@subsection Command line options

@table @code

@parhelp
@parversion
@parinteractive
@c @parfile
@c @paroutput
@c @parfail
@c @parcopy
@parinputfield
@paroutputfield
@pardictionary
@parprocess
@parselect
@parunselect
@paroneline
@paronefield

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}delta=@var{n}}
Stop displaying answers after fall of weight, that is, when weight difference between 2 subsequent results is more than delta value (default=`0.2').


@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}cut-off=@var{n}}
Do not display answers with less weight than cut-off value (default=`200').


@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}guess_count=@var{n}, @minus{}n @var{n}}
Guess up to n descriptions  (default=`0', which means 'display all results').



@end table

@node gue example
@subsection Example

@example
command: gue -n 2 

input:
0000 07 W smerfny 

output:
0000 07 W smerfny gue:,ADJ/CaDpGiNs
0000 07 W smerfny gue:,ADJ/CnvDpGaipNs
@end example
                                  

@node gue dictionaries
@subsection Dictionaries

@command{gue} requires a dictionary. For now, the dictionary must be provided in binary (fsa) format.
The fsa format is created by compiling text-format dictionaries.



@subsubheading Text format

Dictionary entries have the following structure:

@example
@var{prefix}@code{*}@var{suffix}@code{;}@var{lemma}@code{,}@var{description}@code{:}@var{weight}
@end example

@var{lemma} must be given in the cut-add format:

@example
@code{[<cut1><add1>-]<cut2><add2>}
@end example
(no spaces in between): replace prefix of length @var{cut1} with
string @var{add1}, replace suffix of length @var{cat2} with string
@var{add2}.


Example: @code{3-4ały} transforms @i{najbielsi} into @i{biały}


@var{description} contains the part of speech and morphosyntactic information (@xref{PMDBF dictionary}.).

@var{weight} is an integer value between 1 and 999 indicating the
likelihood of the guess.

@example
*łkę;1a,N/GfNsCa
naj*elszy;3-4ały,ADJ/...:...
@end example


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c COR
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@page
@node cor
@section cor - spelling corrector

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Tomasz Obrębski, Michał Stolarski
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab filter
@end multitable

The spelling corrector applies Kemal Oflazer's dynamic programming
algorithm @cite{oflazer96} to the FSA representation of the set of
word forms of the Polex/PMDBF dictionary. Given an incorrect
word form it returns all word forms present in the dictionary whose
edit distance is smaller than the threshold given as the parameter.

By default @code{cor} replaces the contents of the @var{form} field
with new corrected value, placing the old contents in the @code{cor}
field.


@menu
* cor command line options::    
* cor dictionaries::            
@end menu


@node cor command line options
@subsection Command line options

@table @code

@parhelp
@parversion
@parinteractive
@c @parfile
@c @paroutput
@c @parfail
@c @parcopy
@parinputfield
@paroutputfield
@pardictionary
@parprocess
@parselect
@parunselect
@paroneline
@paronefield

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}distance=@var{int}, @minus{}n @var{int}}
Maximum edit distance (default='1').


@end table

@node cor dictionaries
@subsection Dictionaries

@command{cor} requires a dictionary. The dictionary has to be provided in binary (fsa) format. 
The fsa format is created by compiling text-format dictionaries.

@subsubheading Text format

The @command{cor} dictionary is a list of words:
@example
odlot
odlotowy
odludek
@end example

@page
@node sen
@section sen - a sentensizer

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}

@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Tomasz Obrębski
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab filter

@end multitable

@command{sen} detects sentence boundaries in UTT-formatted texts and marks them with special zero-length segments, in which the @var{type} field may contain the BOS (beginning of sentence) or EOS (end of sentence) annotation. 

@menu
@c * sen input::
@c * sen output::
* sen example::                 
@end menu

@node sen example
@subsection Example

@example
command: sen

input:
0000 05 W Cześć
0005 01 P !
0006 01 S _
0007 02 W To
0009 01 S _
0010 02 W ja
0012 01 P .
0013 01 S \n

output:
0000 00 BOS *
0000 05 W Cześć
0005 01 P !
0006 00 EOS *
0006 00 BOS *
0006 01 S _
0007 02 W To
0009 01 S _
0010 02 W ja
0012 01 P .
0013 01 S \n
0014 00 EOS *
@end example


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c GPH
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@c @node gph - graphizer
@c @chapter gph - graphizer

@c Authors: Tomasz Obrębski



@c SER
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@page
@node ser
@section ser - pattern search tool

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Tomasz Obrębski
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab filter
@end multitable

@command{ser} looks for patterns in UTT-formatted texts.

@menu
* ser command line options::    
* ser pattern::                 
* ser how ser works::           
* ser customization::           
* ser limitations::             
* ser requirements::            
@end menu


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@node ser command line options
@subsection Command line options

@table @code

@parhelp
@parversion
@c @parfile
@c @paroutput
@c @parinputfield
@c @paroutputfield
@parprocess
@parinteractive

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}pattern=@var{pattern}, @minus{}e @var{pattern}}
The search pattern.

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}morph=@var{field}}
The name of the annotation field containing the morphological
description (default @code{lem}).

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}flex}
Only print the generated flex source code.

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}macro=@var{filename}}
Read macrodefinitions from file @var{filename} rather than from
default location. This option allows to redefine the set of terms.

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}define=@var{filename}}
Append macrodefinitions from file @var{filename}. This option
allows to extend the set of terms.

@end table


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@node ser pattern
@subsection Pattern

The @command{ser} pattern is a regular expression over terms corresponding
to text segments or segment sequences. Predefined terms are:

@table @code

@item seg(@var{t},@var{f},@var{a})
a segment of type @var{t}, containing form @var{f} and annotation
@var{a}

@item form(@var{f})
a segment containing form @var{f}

@item field(@var{f})
a segment containing annotation field @var{f}

@item space(@var{f})
a space segment of form @var{f}

@item word(@var{f})
a word segment of form @var{f}

@item punct(@var{f})
a punct segment of form @var{f}

@item number(@var{f})
a number segment of form @var{f}

@item lexeme(@var{f})
a word segment with lemma @var{f}

@item cat(@var{c})
a word segment of category @var{c}

@end table

All arguments are optional. If an argument is omitted, an arbitrary
string of non-blank characters is assumed as the argument value. Term
arguments may be arbitrary character-level regular expressions. The
following special symbols can by used:

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @code{[@dots{}]}            @tab a character class
@item @code{[^@dots{}]}           @tab a negated character class
@item @code{|}                    @tab alternative
@item @code{*}                    @tab repetition, including zero times
@item @code{+}                    @tab repetition, at least one time
@item @code{?}                    @tab optionality
@item @code{@{@var{m},@var{n}@}}  @tab repetition from @var{m} to @var{n} times
@item @code{@{@var{m},@}}         @tab repetition @var{m} or more times
@item @code{@{@var{m}@}}          @tab repetition @var{m} times
@item @code{@var{\ddd}}           @tab the character with octal value @var{ddd}
@item @code{\x@var{hh}}           @tab the character with hexadecimal value @var{hh}
@item @code{( )}                  @tab parentheses, used to override precedence
@c @end multitable

@c @multitable {aaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @code{.}    @tab a non-blank character
@item @code{\w}   @tab a letter
@item @code{\W}   @tab a non-blank character other than a letter
@item @code{\d}   @tab a digit
@item @code{\D}   @tab a non-blank character other than a digit
@item @code{\s}   @tab a space or tab character
@item @code{\S}   @tab a non-blank character (the same as @code{.})
@item @code{\l}   @tab a lowercase letter
@item @code{\L}   @tab an uppercase letter
@end multitable


@noindent The following characters:
@example
@verb{%  [   ]   ^   |   *   +   ?   {   }   ,   .   <   >   \ %}
@end example
must be escaped with a backslash, i.e. written as:
@example
@verb{% \[  \]  \^  \|  \*  \+  \?  \{  \}  \,  \.  \<  \>  \\ %}
@end example

@quotation Note
The special symbols are ... borrowed from Perl with minor
modifications ... for convenience 
The meaning of certain special characters/sequences slightly differs
from their common ???. This is motivated by convenience reasons.
The meaning of the @code{.} special character is modified due to
the special function of spaces in utt files (they are field
separators). Use @code{\s} to explicitly 
@end quotation

In the argument of the @code{cat} term a special operator <...> may be
used. A category specification enclosed in angle brackets matches all
category descriptions which are consistent (non-contradictory) with the
specification. For example @code{<N>} matches all noun descriptions,
@code{<ADJ/Can>} matches all adjectives in accusative or nominal case.


@*
@noindent @b{Examples of one-segment patterns:}

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @code{seg}            @tab any segment
@item @code{word}           @tab any word-form
@item @code{word(pomocy)}   @tab the word-form @samp{pomocy}
@item @code{word(naj.+)}    @tab a word-form beginning with @samp{naj}
@item @code{word(\L\l+)}    @tab a capitalized word-form
@item @code{punct}          @tab a punctuation character
@item @code{space(.*\\n.*)} @tab a space segment containing a newline character
@item @code{lexeme(pomoc)}  @tab any form of the lexeme 'pomoc'
@item @code{cat(N/.*)}      @tab a word which category starts with @code{N/}
@item @code{cat(<N/Ca>)}    @tab a word which category matches @code{N/Ca}
@end multitable

@*
@noindent @b{Examples of multi-segment patterns:}

@table @code

@item (word(\L) punct(\.) space?)+ word(\L\l+)
a sequence of initials followed by a surname

@item punct seg(W|S|N)* cat(<NPRO/Sr>) seg(W|S|N)* punct
a text fragment between two punctuation characters, containing an
ocurrence of a relative pronoun

@end table


@node ser how ser works
@subsection How ser works

@node ser customization
@subsection Customization

@c All predefined terms correspond to single segments, 

@example
define(`verbseq', `(cat(V) (space cat(V)))')
@end example


the term @code{cat()} may not be used as a ... of 

@c See @command{m4} manual for further details on macro definition format.

@node ser limitations
@subsection Limitations

more than 3 attributes in <>.

@node ser requirements
@subsection Requirements

In order to run @command{ser}, the following programs must be
installed in the system:

@itemize

@item @command{m4}
@item @command{grep}
@item @command{flex}
@item @command{gcc}

@end itemize


@c GRP
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@page
@node grp
@section grp - pattern search tool

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Tomasz Obrębski
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab filter
@end multitable


@code{gre} selects sentences containing an expression matching a
pattern. The pattern format is exactly the same as that accepted by
@code{ser}.

@code{gre} is intended mainly for speeding up corpus search process.
It is extremely fast (processing speed is usually higher then the speed
of reading the corpus file from disk). 



@c @menu
@c * ser command line options::    
@c * ser pattern::                 
@c * ser how ser works::           
@c * ser customization::           
@c * ser limitations::             
@c * ser requirements::            
@c @end menu
@menu
* grp command line options::    
* grp pattern::                 
* grp hints::    
@end menu

@node grp command line options
@subsection Command line options

@table @code

@parhelp
@parversion
@c @parfile
@c @paroutput
@c @parinputfield
@c @paroutputfield
@parprocess
@parinteractive

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}pattern=@var{pattern}, @minus{}e @var{pattern}}
The search pattern.

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}morph=@var{field}}
The name of the annotation field containing the morphological
description (default @code{lem}).

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}command}
Only print the generated flex source code.

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}macro=@var{filename}}
Read macrodefinitions from file @var{filename} rather than from
default location. This option allows to redefine the set of terms.

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}define=@var{filename}}
Append macrodefinitions from file @var{filename}. This option
allows to extend the set of terms.

@end table


@node grp pattern
@subsection Pattern

(see @code{ser})

@node grp hints
@subsection Hints

The corpus search speed may be increased by combining grp with lzop
compression tool (grp usually processes data faster than it is read from a
disk, especially for slow laptop drives).

@example
cat corpus | tok | sen | lem | grp -a p | lzop -7 > corpus.grp.lzo
@end example

@example
lzop -cd corpus.grp.lzo | grp -a gP -e @var{EXPR} | ser -e @var{EXPR}
@end example


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c kot
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@page
@node kot
@section kot - untokenizer

Authors: Tomasz Obrębski

@command{kot} is the opposite of @command{tok}. It changes UTT-formatted text into plain text.

@menu
* kot command line options::    
* kot usage examples::    
@end menu

@node kot command line options
@subsection Command line options

@table @code

@parhelp

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}version}, @b{@minus{}v}

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}file=@var{filename}, @minus{}f @var{filename}}

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}output=@var{filename}, @minus{}o @var{filename}}

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}interactive @minus{}i}

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}config=@var{filename}}

@item

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}gap-fill=@var{string}, @minus{}g @var{string}}
print @var{string} between nonadjacent segments of the input file

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}spaces, @minus{}r}
retain the special characters @code{_}, @code{\t},
@code{\n}, @code{\r}, @code{\f} unexpanded in the output

@end table

@node kot usage examples
@subsection Usage examples

@example
cat legia.txt | tok | kot	
@end example

@example
cat legia.txt | tok | lem -1 | kot
@end example

@c CON............................................................
@c ...............................................................
@c ...............................................................

@page
@node con
@section con - concordance table generator

@command{con} generates a concordance table based on a pattern given to @command{ser}.

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Justyna Walkowska
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab sink
@end multitable
@c

@menu
* con command line options::
* con usage example::
* con hints::    
@end menu

@node con command line options
@subsection Command line options

@table @code

@parhelp

@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}help}, @b{@minus{}h}
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}version}, @b{@minus{}v}
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}file=@var{filename}, @minus{}f @var{filename}}
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}output=@var{filename}, @minus{}o @var{filename}}
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}fail=@var{filename}, @minus{}e @var{filename}} [???]
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}copy, @minus{}c} [???]
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}input-field=@var{fieldname}, @minus{}I @var{fieldname}}
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}output-field=@var{fieldname}, @minus{}O @var{fieldname}}
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}process=@var{class}, @minus{}p @var{class}}
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}interactive @minus{}i}
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}config=@var{filename}}
@c @item
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}pattern=@var{pattern}, @minus{}e @var{pattern}}
@c search pattern
@c 
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}flex}
@c only print the generated flex source code
@c 
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}macro=@var{filename}}
@c read macrodefinitions from file @var{filename} rather than from
@c default location. This option allows to redefine the set of terms.
@c 
@c @item @b{@minus{}@minus{}define=@var{filename}}
@c append macrodefinitions from file @var{filename}. This option
@c allows to extend the set of terms.

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}left @minus{}l}            
	Left context info (default='30c'). Example:
@example			 
				 -l=5c: left context is 5 characters
                                 -l=5w: left context is 5 words
                                 -l=5s: left context is 5 non-empty input lines
                                 -l='\s*\S+\sr\S+BOS': left context starts with the given regex
@end example

@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}right @minus{}r}            
	Right context info (default='30c').
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}trim @minus{}t}            
	Clear incomplete words from output.
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}white @minus{}w}            
	DO NOT change all white characters into spaces.
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}column @minus{}c}            
	Left column minimal width in characters (default = 0).
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}ignore @minus{}i}            
	Ignore segment inconsistency in the input.
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}bon}            
	Beginning of selected segment (regex, default='[0-9]+ [0-9]+ BOM .*').
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}eob}            
	End of selected segment (regex, default='[0-9]+ [0-9]+ EOM .*').
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}bod}            
	Selected segment beginning display string (default='[').
@item @b{@minus{}@minus{}eod}            
	Selected segment end display string (default=']').



@end table

@node con usage example
@subsection Usage example
@example
cat file.txt | tok | lem -1 | ser -e 'lexeme(dom) | con'  
@end example


@node con hints
@subsection Hints

@command{con} is a rather slow program. Do not pass large amounts of
redundant text through this program. @command{con} works fine in the following
sequence:

@example
... | grp -e EXPR | ser -e EXPR | con
@end example



@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@page
@node Auxiliary tools
@chapter Auxiliary tools

@menu
* compiledic::         dictionary compiler
* fla::                UTT file flattener
* unfla::              UTT file unflattener
@end menu


@page
@node compiledic
@section compiledic - the dictionary compiler

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Michal Stolarski, Tomasz Obrebski
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab additional tool
@end multitable
@c

@command{compiledic} compiles dictionaries in text format (@code{.dic} extension) into binary
(FSA) format (@code{.bin} extension).

Automaton representation of a dictionary is built using the AT&T tools:
@itemize
@item AT&T FSM Library,
@item AT&T Lextools.
@end itemize

In order for the compiledic program to work you have to install the
above mentioned packages into your system.  They are freely available
for non-commercial use.

Usage:
@example
        compiledic <dictionaryname>.dic
@end example

The file <dictionaryname>.bin will be generated.

Remarque: The program produces a lot of temporary files which are
stored in the current directory. They are deleted after successfull
termination of the program.

@c @menu
@c * con command line options::
@c * con usage example::
@c * con hints::    
@c @end menu


@page
@node fla
@section fla - the UTT file flattener

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Tomasz Obrębski
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab filter
@end multitable
@c

@command{fla} ``flattens'' a utt file by merging segments belonging
to one sentence in one line. Technically, end-of-line characters
('\n', ASCII code 10) are replaced with line-feed characters ('\f',
ASCII code 12).  The flattening makes it possible to process UTT files
with such tools as @command{grep} or @command{sed} sentence by
sentence (used in @command{grp} and @command{mar}).

Flattened files should have the suffix @code{.fla}, eg. @file{thetext.utt.fla}.

Flattened files are still human-readible.

Usage:

@example
        fla [<bosregex>]
@end example

The facultative argument is a regular expression describing segments
which should be treated as sentence beginnings (the test is: the
segment contains a fragment matching the @code{<bosregex>}). By
default, segments containing a field @code{BOS} are seeked.
@c @menu
@c * con command line options::
@c * con usage example::
@c * con hints::    
@c @end menu



@page
@node unfla
@section unfla - the UTT file unflattener

@multitable {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@item @strong{Authors:}                 @tab Tomasz Obrębski
@item @strong{Component category:}      @tab filter
@end multitable

@command{unfla} transforms a flattened UTT file, produced by
@command{fla}, into the regular format by restoring end-of-line
characters.




@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c USAGE EXAMPLES
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Usage examples
@chapter Usage examples

@subsubheading Simple pipelines

@enumerate

@item tokenization

cat text | tok > output1

@item morphological annotation (1)

simple dictionary based lemmatization

cat text | tok | lem > output1

@item morphological annotation (2)

1) perform dictionary-based lemmatization
4) guess descriptions for words which have no annotation

@example
cat text | tok | lem | gue -S lem > output2
@end example

@item morphological annotation (3)

1) perform dictionary-based lemmatization
2) try to correct words with no annotation
3) perform dictionary-based lemmatization of corrected words
4) guess descriptions for words which still have no annotation

@example
cat text | tok | lem | cor -p W -S lem | lem -I cor | gue -p W -S lem
@end example
@item spelling correction



@example
cat text | tok | lem --only-fail | cor -1 > output3
@end example

@item Expression extraction

Extraction of all occurrences of a verb followed by a form of the noun 'rozmowa'.

@example
cat text | tok | lem -1 | ser -e 'cat(<V>) space lexeme(rozmowa)' -m | kot > output4
@end example

@item A word in context

Extraction of text fragments containing a form of the lexeme 'rozmowa' in
the context of 5 preceeding and 5 succeeding corpus segments.

@example
cat text | tok | lem -1 | ser -e 'seg@{5@} lexeme(rozmowa) seg@{5@}' -m | kot > output
@end example

@item generation of concordance table (1)

@example
cat text | tok | lem -1 | ser -e 'cat(<V>) space lexeme(rozmowa)' | con
@end example

10"

@item generation of concordance table (2)

The same as above but much faster

@example
cat text | tok | lem -1 | \
grp -e 'cat(<V>) space lexeme(rozmowa)' | \
ser -e 'cat(<V>) space lexeme(rozmowa)' | \
con
@end example

2"

@item generation of concordance table (3)

Usually, one performs repetitively search over the same corpus. In
such case it is advisable to transform the corpus data into the format
required by @command{grp} first, and then use the preprocessed data.

As @command{grp} (@command{grep}) processes data faster then it is
read from the disk drive, the search time may be still shortened by
using file compression techniques.  We suggest usin @command{lzop}.

@item the fastest way to search a large corpus

step 1: preprocessing

@example
cat corpus | tok | sen | lem -1 \
| grp -a p | lzop -7 > corpus.grp.lzo
@end example

step 2: search

@example
lzop -cd corpus.grp.lzo | grp -a gP -e 'cat(<V>) space
lexeme(rozmowa)' | ser -e 'cat(<V>) space lexeme(rozmowa)' | con
@end example

@end enumerate

@subsubheading More complicated configurations


@example
mknod fifo1 p
mknod fifo2 p
mknod fifo3 p
mknod fifo4 p
mknod fifo5 p

tok | lem -p W -e fifo1 > fifo2 &
cor -e fifo3 < fifo1 | lem > fifo4 &
gue < fifo3 > fifo5 &
sort -m fifo2 fifo4 fifo5

rm fifo?
@end example


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c PMDBF DICTIONARY
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node PMDBF dictionary
@chapter PMDBF dictionary

UTT components come with lexical data derived from Polish
Morphological Database (PMDB).

@menu
* PMDBF files::    
* PMDBF tag structure::                 
* PMDBF parts of speech::           
* PMDBF morphosyntactic attributes::           
@end menu

@node PMDBF files
@section Files

@node PMDBF tag structure
@section Tag structure

pos = [[:upper:]]+

attr = [[:upper:]]+

val = [[:lower:][:digit:]?!*+-] | <[^>\n]+>

descr = pos ( / ( attr val + ) + ) ?

@node PMDBF parts of speech
@section Parts of speech

@multitable {ADJPRP} { adjectival-passive-participle }
@item @code{N} @tab noun
@item @code{NPRO} @tab nominal-pronoun
@item @code{NV} @tab deverbal-noun
@item @code{V} @tab verb
@item @code{BYC} @tab byc
@item @code{VNI} @tab non-inflected-verb
@item @code{ADJ} @tab adjective
@item @code{ADJPAP} @tab adjectival-passive-participle
@item @code{ADJPRP} @tab adjectival-present-participle
@item @code{ADJPP} @tab adjectival-past-participle
@item @code{ADJPRO} @tab adjectival-pronoun
@item @code{ADJNUM} @tab adjectival-numeral
@item @code{ADV} @tab adverb
@item @code{ADVANP} @tab adverbial-anterior-participle
@item @code{ADVPRP} @tab adverbial-present-participle
@item @code{ADVPRO} @tab adverbial-pronoun
@item @code{ADVNUM} @tab  adverbial-numeral
@item @code{P} @tab preposition
@item @code{PPRO} @tab prep-noun-pronoun
@item @code{CONJ} @tab conjunction
@item @code{EXCL} @tab exclamation
@item @code{APP} @tab call
@item @code{ONO} @tab onomatopoeia
@item @code{PART} @tab particle
@item @code{NUMCRD} @tab cardinal-numeral
@item @code{NUMCOL} @tab collective-numeral
@item @code{NUMPAR} @tab partitive-numeral
@item @code{NUMORD} @tab ordinal-numeral
@end multitable

@node PMDBF morphosyntactic attributes
@section Morphosyntactic attributes

@multitable {Attr} {Val} {aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa}
@c @headitem Attr @tab Val @tab Description
@item
@code{A} @tab @tab Aspect
@item
@tab @code{p} @tab perfect
@item
@tab @code{i} @tab imperfect.
@item
@item
@code{V} @tab @tab Verb-Form
@item
@tab @code{b} @tab infinitive,
@item
@tab @code{p} @tab personal,
@item
@tab @code{i} @tab impersonal.
@item
@item
@code{M} @tab @tab Mood
@item
@tab @code{d} @tab declarative,
@item
@tab @code{c} @tab conditional,
@item
@tab @code{i} @tab imperative.
@item
@item
@code{T} @tab @tab Tense
@item
@tab @code{a} @tab past,
@item
@tab @code{r} @tab present,
@item
@tab @code{f} @tab future.
@item
@item
@code{P} @tab @tab Person
@item
@tab @code{1} @tab 1,
@item
@tab @code{2} @tab 2,
@item
@tab @code{3} @tab 3.
@item
@item
@code{D} @tab @tab Degree
@item
@tab @code{p} @tab positive,
@item
@tab @code{c} @tab comparative,
@item
@tab @code{s} @tab superlative.
@item
@item
@code{N} @tab @tab Number
@item
@tab @code{s} @tab singular,
@item
@tab @code{p} @tab plural.
@item
@item
@code{C} @tab @tab Case
@item
@tab @code{n} @tab nominative,
@item
@tab @code{g} @tab genitive,
@item
@tab @code{d} @tab dative,
@item
@tab @code{a} @tab accusative,
@item
@tab @code{i} @tab instrumantal,
@item
@tab @code{l} @tab locative,
@item
@tab @code{v} @tab vocative.
@item
@item
@code{G} @tab @tab Gender
@item
@tab @code{p} @tab masculine-personal,
@item
@tab @code{a} @tab masculine-animal,
@item
@tab @code{i} @tab masculine-inanimate,
@item
@tab @code{f} @tab feminine,
@item
@tab @code{n} @tab neuter.
@end multitable


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c 
@c @node Examples
@c @chapter Examples

@c ----------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ----------------------------------------------------------------------

@node    GNU Free Documentation License
@chapter GNU Free Documentation License

@c The GNU Free Documentation License.
@center Version 1.2, November 2002

@c This file is intended to be included within another document,
@c hence no sectioning command or @node.

@display
Copyright @copyright{} 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
@end display

@enumerate 0
@item
PREAMBLE

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This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
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@item
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You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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@item
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@enumerate A
@item
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@item
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@item
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@end enumerate

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@item
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@item
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@item
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@item
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@end enumerate

@page
@heading ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:

@smallexample
@group
  Copyright (C)  @var{year}  @var{your name}.
  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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  Free Documentation License''.
@end group
@end smallexample

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.'' line with this:

@smallexample
@group
    with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
    the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
    being @var{list}.
@end group
@end smallexample

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.

@c Local Variables:
@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"
@c End:


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node    Reporting bugs
@chapter Reporting bugs

Report bugs to <obrebski@@amu.edu.pl>.

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@c @node    Copyright
@c @chapter Copyright
@c 
@c Copyright 2004 by Tomasz Obrebski
@c This software is free for research and educational use.

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node    Author
@chapter Author


@bye
