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1GNU Free Documentation License
2Version 1.2, November 2002
3Copyright (c) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
451 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
5
6Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
7of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
8
9 0. PREAMBLE
10 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and
11 useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom
12 to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
13 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
14 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications
15 made by others.
16 This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document
17 must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public
18 License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
19 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because
20 free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals
21 providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to
22 software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
23 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for
24 works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
25 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
26 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a
27 notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms
28 of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in
29 duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”,
30 below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and
31 is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work
32 in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
33 A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or
34 a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into
35 another language.
36 A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document
37 that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document
38 to the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that
39 could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
40 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The
41 relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related
42 matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
43 them.
44 The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as
45 being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released
46 under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is
47 not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant
48 Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
49 The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover
50 Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under
51 this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
52 be at most 25 words.
53 A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented
54 in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for
55 revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
56 of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing
57 editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to
58 a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
59 Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to
60 thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image
61 format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is
62 not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
63 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ascii without
64 markup, Texinfo input format, LaTEX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly
65 available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed
66 for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF
67 and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited
68 only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
69 processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML,
70 PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
71 The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following
72 pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the
73 title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page”
74 means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the
75 beginning of the body of the text.
76 A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either
77 is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in
78 another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such
79 as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve
80 the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
81 section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.
82 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that
83 this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to
84 be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties:
85 any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no
86 effect on the meaning of this License.
87 2. VERBATIM COPYING
88 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or
89 noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license
90 notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and
91 that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
92 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies
93 you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.
94 If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions
95 in section 3.
96 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly
97 display copies.
98 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
99 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of
100 the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires
101 Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
102 these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
103 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher
104 of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
105 equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
106 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
107 Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
108 respects.
109 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put
110 the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the
111 rest onto adjacent pages.
112 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
113 you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque
114 copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which
115 the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network
116 protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If
117 you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
118 distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
119 remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time
120 you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
121 edition to the public.
122 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well
123 before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you
124 with an updated version of the Document.
125 4. MODIFICATIONS
126 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions
127 of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely
128 this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
129 distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of
130 it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
131 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
132 Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any,
133 be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as
134 a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
135 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for
136 authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five
137 of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer
138 than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
139 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
140 publisher.
141 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
142 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other
143 copyright notices.
144 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
145 permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form
146 shown in the Addendum below.
147 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover
148 Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
149 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
150 I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item
151 stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version
152 as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document,
153 create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document
154 as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as
155 stated in the previous sentence.
156 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to
157 a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in
158 the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
159 â€œHistory” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published
160 at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the
161 version it refers to gives permission.
162 K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title
163 of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the
164 contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
165 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and
166 in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the
167 section titles.
168 M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included
169 in the Modified Version.
170 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in
171 title with any Invariant Section.
172 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
173 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify
174 as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at
175 your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
176 titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These
177 titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
178 You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but
179 endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of
180 peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
181 definition of a standard.
182 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up
183 to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified
184 Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
185 added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
186 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement
187 made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but
188 you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that
189 added the old one.
190 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission
191 to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified
192 Version.
193 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
194 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License,
195 under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you
196 include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
197 unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license
198 notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
199 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical
200 Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant
201 Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section
202 unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or
203 publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment
204 to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
205 work.
206 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various
207 original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any
208 sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You
209 must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
210 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
211 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released
212 under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various
213 documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you
214 follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
215 other respects.
216 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually
217 under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted
218 document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
219 that document.
220 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
221 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent
222 documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called
223 an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
224 legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When
225 the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other
226 works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
227 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document,
228 then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover
229 Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
230 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they
231 must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
232 8. TRANSLATION
233 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations
234 of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with
235 translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may
236 include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions
237 of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the
238 license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you
239 also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of
240 those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and
241 the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
242 prevail.
243 If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”,
244 the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require
245 changing the actual title.
246 9. TERMINATION
247 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly
248 provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or
249 distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
250 this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
251 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full
252 compliance.
253 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
254 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free
255 Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit
256 to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
257 See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
258 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document
259 specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version”
260 applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that
261 specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by
262 the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of
263 this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
264 Software Foundation.
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